Aydan Dogan and Ida Hjortsoe
Exporting permits companies to entry a bigger market, but it surely additionally implies prices and dangers. A few of these prices and dangers are because of the time between manufacturing and gross sales usually being longer for exported items than for items offered within the home market. In our latest Employees Working Paper, we discover that amongst UK manufacturing companies, exporters are likely to have extra liabilities than non-exporters, and we present that the hyperlink between short-term liabilities and labour prices is considerably tighter for exporters. This novel proof helps the view that exporters’ short-term liabilities assist cowl prices and dangers over the longer time interval between manufacturing and gross sales. Consequently, monetary circumstances are prone to have an effect on exporters greater than non-exporters.
How do UK exporting and non-exporting companies’ monetary conditions differ?
We use agency stage information on UK manufacturing companies’ stability sheets from Bureau van Dijk. This information set has the benefit of together with not solely massive companies listed on the inventory market, but additionally small and medium-sized companies that aren’t listed on the inventory market. These symbolize a considerable a part of UK exporting companies.
Our baseline information set has 83,745 firm-year observations over the interval 1995–2019. On common 46.5% of companies export annually. Desk A stories chosen traits of companies, evaluating exporting and non-exporting companies. The numbers reported correspond to the pattern imply, whereas the numbers in parenthesis correspond to the pattern median. Although the pattern is skewed in the direction of small and medium-sized companies and away from micro companies (with lower than 10 staff) and so is just not consultant of the universe of UK companies, it’s clear from evaluating the imply and median that the pattern has many small and medium-sized companies, and a few very massive companies too. The median agency in our pattern has a turnover of £9,145,000 and 86 staff.
The desk reveals that exporting companies are usually bigger than non-exporting companies when it comes to their turnover and the variety of staff. Furthermore, exporting companies are likely to have extra short-term liabilities, extra long-term liabilities and a better quantity of complete property. These traits are according to findings in earlier literature: exporting and non-exporting companies differ when it comes to their dimension as eg identified in Bernard and Jensen (1995) for US companies or Greenaway and Kneller (2004) for a pattern of UK companies.
Desk A: Abstract statistics – baseline pattern
| Complete | Exporters | Non-exporters | |
| Turnover (£1,000) | 108,564 (9,145) | 130,013 (12,682) | 82,005 (6,366) |
| Variety of staff | 626 (86) | 758 (118) | 512 (65) |
| Quick-term liabilities (£1,000) | 39,363 (2,330) | 52,976 (3,366) | 27,489 (1,598) |
| Lengthy-term liabilities (£1,000) | 42,915 (424) | 60,246 (692) | 27,798 (263) |
| Complete property (£1,000) | 123,899 (6,000) | 168,461 (8,744) | 85,028 (3,985) |
| Observations | 83,745 | 39,016 | 44,729 |
Supply: Dogan and Hjortsoe (2024).
Why do exporting companies have greater short-term liabilities?
We now focus our consideration on the variations between exporting and non-exporting companies’ short-term liabilities. These are liabilities that should be repaid within the subsequent 12 months. To achieve insights into why exporting companies are likely to have greater short-term loans than non-exporting companies, we examine how the relation between short-term liabilities and agency traits will depend on companies’ exporting standing.
Particularly, utilizing our agency stage stability sheet information we estimate a mannequin during which the short-term liabilities of a agency might rely on its dimension, as proxied by its contemporaneous turnover, and its labour prices. We enable that relation to vary throughout exporters and non-exporters, and we embody time and agency fastened results.
We begin by contemplating to what extent short-term liabilities are associated to agency dimension. As already famous, exporting companies are prone to be bigger, each when it comes to turnover and variety of staff. Bigger companies have simpler entry to finance and thus have greater liabilities as argued eg in Gertler and Hubbard (1988) or Gertler and Gilchrist (1994). We estimate the relation between companies’ short-term liabilities and their turnover to be vital and optimistic: an additional £1,000 of agency turnover is related to a rise in short-term loans of round £200. For exporting companies, this relationship is a bit of decrease, maybe as a result of abroad turnover is perceived as riskier by the monetary establishments giving out short-term loans.
We now flip to the speculation that exporting companies’ working capital necessities are bigger than for non-exporting companies. This is able to be the case if, as emphasised by Alfaro et al (2021), totally different timings of manufacturing and gross sales are prone to exacerbate monetary dangers and necessities for exporters. This is able to even be according to Antràs and Foley (2015) who level out that longer supply and transportation instances in worldwide commerce imply that companies that commerce internationally have a bigger want for working capital. If exporters usually tend to require short-term finance to cowl labour prices in the course of the longer time between manufacturing and receipt of proceeds, then we must always see a optimistic correlation between labour prices and short-term loans on the agency stage that’s extra pronounced for exporters.
We examine whether or not exporters’ short-term loans are associated to their labour prices, as soon as we management for his or her dimension. We discover a optimistic relation between labour prices, as proxied by remuneration prices, and short-term liabilities for all companies – however the relation is considerably and meaningfully bigger for exporting companies: for each additional pound paid in remuneration prices, non-exporting companies enhance their short-term loans by round £0.74 – however exporters enhance their short-term loans by greater than £1.30. These outcomes point out that whereas short-term loans are associated to remuneration for all companies, the correlation is considerably greater for exporters than non-exporters. That is in keeping with exporting companies requiring extra short-term loans than non-exporting companies with a purpose to (partly) finance labour prices, and thus helps the view that exporting companies’ working capital necessities are bigger than for non-exporting companies.
Implications
We establish a hyperlink between companies’ short-term loans and their labour prices. This hyperlink is tighter for exporting than non-exporting companies, indicating that exporting companies have greater working capital necessities than non-exporting companies. Because of this, modifications to short-term financing circumstances are prone to have an effect on exporters disproportionately.
In our latest Employees Working Paper, we arrange a mannequin which aligns with this novel stylised reality. We estimate this mannequin and discover that modifications to the monetary prices of exporting are crucial for UK export dynamics: it’s the fundamental driver, alongside UK productiveness shocks.
Aydan Dogan works within the Financial institution’s International Evaluation Division and Ida Hjortsoe works within the Financial institution’s Analysis Hub.
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